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Summary

Cancer is a worldwide leading cause of death, where brain (~3% of deaths) appears in the top 10 of cancer mortality , or higher if we include brain metastases. Also, brain tumors are in the group of highest per-patient initial cost of care, as well as in the list of devastating prognosis and least available solutions. It is known that brain tumor degree of resection fully correlates with life expectation, but after using only surgeon's impression, post-surgical MRI reveal complete resection (CR) rates as low as 18%, which recommends to develop surgical adjuncts to highlight tumor region. Despite its limits in CR, gold standard is iMRI and 5-ALA fluorescence, if possible, combined. Due to the iMRI high invasiveness in the surgical procedure, 5-ALA fluorescence is potentially the best, but has also a few drawbacks: expensive microscopic, specific protocol contraindications, and dependence on human eye to detect the tumor contour. Moreover, it was suggested that supra?complete glioma resection may entail a benefit, still a blind method used in the surgical management of brain metastases. Despite intraoperative navigation, fluorescence, MRI, cortical stimulation, and awake surgeries could be helpful in many cases, safe and simple techniques will always be needed in several situations. Dielectric properties of human tissues show a characteristic behavior with frequency, which was in-lab proved that may be used for tumor detection at low frequencies, at microwaves, and at millimeter waves. This property will be used to develop a probe for intraoperative tumor resection monitoring, where the target resection volumes will require the use of MMW in the 50-70 GHz range, due to spatial resolution requirements. This will entail the challenge of dielectric tissue properties classification at such high frequencies using available methods like resonant cavities, or detection of signal transmission/reflection by the use of waveguides. Such frequency range will require on-chip micromachined features for signal transmission, routing, and processing. Demands on performance requires the detection near the measuring tip, based on graphene FET integration, already demonstrated to operate at frequencies higher as 300 GHz, that will allow signal down-conversion (due to its intrinsic rectifying and low noise properties), obtaining the required signal at the probe tip, reducing the probe fabrication complexity, as well mitigating calibration and noise issues. This project will use electromagnetics theory, micro/nanofabrication techniques, and graphene transistor technology to develop a probe for intraoperative tumor resection monitoring in the millimeter wave region, featuring a multimodal ultrasound data display that will guide surgeon to decrease the actual large percentages of residual tumor sizes in the cm3 range, where ~22% remains larger than 3 cm.
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